<3c 



,XXC . 

xxccxxxcx^c^c 



j«c 



■*ac 
^xcx 

X<cc 

xxc 



<X€C<L 

<xcc 






XXdXCCC 
jCX^CZCcC 



Xcc 






OC ccc 



<CXlCCOS 
%. dec 



X^r: ^ : <sOX, <C^ 



*3 



race: 

X<g: 

ESQ 



■<rrc c 



:<£ 

xcc 



fc<MICcc;cc_«c. 
<racx©r 

X 

x:c<s 



xK<xx'«x< 
<2C<x~ coc 



^X <^cc_c:«c«cic: 
"Sir: <lcc: <or ^ 

^ CC xc 

*r"<0X<r<c3tx 






cix <£&>■%£. 

<ZcccccCT«p 3*= 

<x^(GG% 



<SC<: 



<scxc<z 

<KI_5X^ 



^^<rXCC<c 
rx <cx cx- 
exfc <3cx cr 
x<cx cxx_ <& 

2c: : c; <x~ 
x<c;ac <c: ' 
c<zaxcr r <c: < 

cc cc cc > 

C CC <L 

JgSCZ*:,<3C <c <Z 

3^xx<3c:<^<s 

g «^X iVCdC «CC 

<CX<r 

(<c ex cc: 



d 


<12C <?x 


cc 


;X€CCX <SX 


<cr 


*«X.:. <£I 


' 


<«x <cx 


£ 


: «I.C 


<c 


«c§ic: oc 


c 


<«zarT <r 



__<x«:: c< 

dcr <rc c< 

ore cc 

xr<c: cc cc 

^XtX CX cc 

_C cc cc 

— ' <d cc c 

X^SX. «^X 

«r: $c< 
- ^sx :_<o 



SP 

» ->-,o 
„ ■-,.-.... 



5 \rm>^> 















~>""^> ^^3^» ~3I> -:.S> 



iMi 












%^> 












^3531 





















1£ :t>t 



r^ ^> ^> O' >> - 

^-^:;5>-:%> ^S 



3> -> ^> ^>^ 

3 > O?., 









=^> r>^>^>. 






ZJ^" '''"""" "~~"" 


>5T2* ^> 


I3E^ 


>^> ""T> '"> 




T>"25 ; ''Z~I^ ^ : 


r "^r^ : "^" " 


X> > TZ> ^> 


i^2> 


• ; "\) i '^^ . "'■ -JZ^- . ' ' Ju> 


>3> 


2^>|> ^ ^ 


-^r^> ■ v 








VINDICATION 



or 



Hon. JOSEPH HOLT, 



JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL 



OF THE 

... C 



UNITED STATES ARMY. 



WASHINGTON : 

CHRONICLE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 511 NINTH STREET. 
1873. 



3 ^^Hu 

UNC 






X 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



War Department, 
Bureau op Military Justice, 

August 25, 1873. 
To the Editor of the Chronicle: 

I beg the privilege of your columns for the 
purpose of laying before the loyal public the 
Subjoined letter addressed by myself to the 
Hon. Secretary of War, with its accompany- 
ing papers, and the Secretary's reply thereto. 
The correspondence relates to a slander, 
which had its origin and fulfilled its base mis- 
sion years ago, having claimed, in its circu- 
lation, the authority of the then acting Pres- 
dent of the United States. I am well assured 
that it lingers yet in certain unfriendly circles, 
where it still finds a blind or a malignant sup- 
port. Since the date of my communication 
to the Secretary of War I have received a let- 
ter from General Mussey, full extracts from 
which are appended. It will be seen that he 
entirely substantiates the position maintained 
throughout my defense, that President John- 
son had knowledge of, considered, and com- 
mented on the recommendation of Mrs. Surratt 
to clemency by members of the court before 
her execution. Inviting a candid and careful 
scrutiny of the evidence now produced in my 
exoneration, I leave this aspersion for such 
judgment as those who love the truth and do 
justice may think proper to pronounce upon 



it. 



J. Holt. 



War Department, 
Bureau of Military Justice, 

August 14, 1873. 
Hon. W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War: 

Sir: Soon after the execution of Mary E. 
Surratt, as one of the assassins of President 
Lincoln, I was, by certain public journals 
and through the utterances of disloyal and 
malignant persons, accused of having, when 
presenting the record of her trial to Presi- 
dent Johnson, withheld from him a petition, 
signed by five members of the court, recom- 
mending, in consideration of her age and 
sex, a commutation of her death-sentence to 



imprisonment for life in the penitentiary. 
It was further added that the President had 
been thus led to approve the proceed- 
ings and sentence without any knowledge 
whatever of the existence of this petition. 

A more groundless calumny was never 
conceived or proclaimed against any public 
officer. No word had been spoken or act 
done or left undone by me which could have 
suggested such a charge, or excited the faint- 
est suspicion that it was well founded. The 
charge itself was industriously circulated by 
those who, mourning the then recent over- 
throw of the rebellion, logically enough de- 
nounced the condemnation of the assassins, 
who had done its bloody work, and eagerly 
defamed all, except only President Johnson 
himself, who had been in any way concerned 
in the prosecution and punishment of these 
criminals. This denunciation was naturally 
the more intemperate in the case of Mrs. 
Surratt because of her conspicuous associa- 
tion with the crime, "she having kept," to 
quote the language of President Johnson, 
"the nest that hatched the egg," or, in other 
words, her house having been the rendezvous 
of the conspirators, where, under her per- 
sonal supervision and prompting, their mur- 
derous schemes were matured. In my letter 
to Judge Bingham, a copy of which is hereto 
appended, will be found stated the reason 
why my defense against this cruel imputa- 
tion has been so long delayed. The proofs of 
my innocence are now in my possession, and 
I respectfully offer them for your considera- 
tion, believing it is to yourself, as the head of 
the military administration, that my response 
to this attack at once upon my official integ- 
rity and upon the honor of the service should 
be addressed. 

Before proceeding, however, to enumerate 
these proofs it is proper to observe: -First. 
This petition had been read by the nine mem- 
bers of the court, five of whom had signed it; 
its existence and character were known to 
the two special judge advocates, one of 
whom— Judge Bingham — had prepared it at 
the instance of General Ekin, a member of 
the court, and it had also been made known 
to Secretary Stanton, immediately after the 



EXECUTION OF MRS. SURRATT. 



close of the trial, by Judge Bingham, as well 
as by myself. So that there were twelve of- 
ficers of the Government, of rank and reputa- 
tion — one of them a member of the Cabinet — 
who, before any action had been taken by the 
President, knew that this petition had been 
addressed to him, and was attached to the 
record. Well aware of this, as I was — had I 
been capable of such a crime — for me to have 
attempted the suppression or concealment of 
the paper from the President would have 
argued a stupidity on my part verging upon 
idiotcy — assured, as I must have been, that 
immediate exposure, punishment, and dis- 
honor would follow the perfidious act. Sec- 
ond. Had I been criminal, as charged, it 
must have been known to President Johnson 
directly after the execution, since the peti- 
tion in favor of Mrs. Surratt was then pub- 
licly spoken of in Washington, and was soon 
thereafter referred to in the newspapers of 
the country. Having this information, he 
would have known that I had been guilty of 
the greatest offense possible, in my offi- 
cial position, against the law, and 
against my duty, and an imperative obliga- 
tion would have rested upon him to have me 
tried and punished by the sentence of a mili- 
tary court. And this obligation he would 
have the more unhesitatingly discharged, 
since the offense, if it existed, would have 
involved the enormity of treacherously mis- 
leading him in the performance of the most 
solemn of his duties, affecting the life of a 
human being. I certainly had no claims 
upon his forbearance — none whatever — and 
those who can assert that under such circum- 
stances he would have spared me must re- 
gard him as having been capable of utter un- 
faithfulness to the responsibilities of his 
great office. He, however, ordered no court 
for my trial, had no charges preferred, and 
made no open accusation, but continued with 
me the same official relations as before, to 
the close of his administration. For this 
course on his part no possible explanation 
can be offered, except the simple fact that he 
knew, and knew well, that in the matter re- 
ferred to I had performed my whole duty, 
and that I had not only presented the peti- 
tion to him, but that he had read it and com- 
mented on it in my presence. 

The testimonies submitted are as follows: 

First. A copy of my letter of explanation 

and inquiry to Hon. John A. Bingham, and 

his answer under date of 17th February, 

1873, followed by a copy of extracts from my 



reply thereto. { Judge Bingham states that 
having drawn the petition on behalf of Mrs. 
Surratt, and having, after her execution, heard 
the report that it hold been withheld by me from 
the President, he called on the Secretaries of 
State and of War — Messrs. Seward and Stan- 
ton — and vjas assured by them both that the 
petition had been before the President, and "had 
been duly considered by him and his advisers 
before the death-sentence upon Mrs. Surratt had 
been approved, and that the President and the 
Cabinet upon such consideration were a unit in 
denying the prayer of the petition.'" In view 
of the national reputation of these three dis- 
tinguished statesmen for intelligence and in- 
tegrity, speaking as they have done of mat- 
ters within their personal knowledge, it is 
not believed that their statements will be 
questioned in any quarter; and here I might 
safely rest my defense. Their representa- 
tions being accepted as true, the accusation 
against myself is necessarily false. 

Second. A letter from the Hon. James 
Speed, then Attorney General, and as such a 
member of President Johnson's Cabinet at 
the time. While he does not feel at liberty 
to disclose what was said at Cabinet meet- 
ings, he asserts that before the execution of the 
assassins he saw the record of their trial in the 
President's office, and that the petition in favor 
of Mrs. Surratt, signed by members of the court, 
was then attached to it. This again affords me 
a complete vindication, since the petition, 
with the record, being in the President's 
office, and thus in his possession, I could not 
have withheld it from him. If, being there, 
he did not examine it — which I know he 
did— the responsibility for such remissness 
certainly could not rest on me. 

Third. A letter from the Hon. James Har- 
lan under date of May 27, 1873. Mr. Harlan 
was Secretary of the Interior, and, as such, a 
member of President Johnson's Cabinet. His 
letter powerfully corroborates the statements 
of Messrs. Seward and Stanton. He says he 
"remembers distinctly the discussion of the 
question of the commutation of the sentence 
of death pronounced on Mrs. Surratt by the 
court, to imprisonment for life, had by mem- 
bers of the Cabinet in the presence of Presi- 
dent Johnson ;"\that he believes the meeting 
to have been an informal one, there having 
"been present Messrs. Seward and Stanton 
and himself, and possibly Attorney General 
Speed and others.'-* He adds that when he 
entered the room one of the gentlemen named 
"was addressing the President in an earnest 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



conversation on the question whether the 
sentence ought to be modified on account of 
the sex of the condemned" — the very question 
presented by the petition — and he gives the 
striking language in which the member 
couched his protest against the exercise of 
clemency on the ground mentioned. He 
also alleges that no sentiment favorable to 
clemency was expressed, and that, fearing 
himself, from the brief period to elapse be- 
fore the death-sentence was to be executed, 
that the examination of the record, &c, 
might not be as thorough as it should be, he 
" inquired at the time whether the Attorney 
General had examined the record of the trial, 
including the testimony, for the purpose of 
discovering any possible mistakes, over- 
sights, or errors of law governing the case," 
and was answered that " the whole case had 
been fully examined by the Attorney Gen- 
eral and the Secretary of War, and that the 
only question raised was, whether the punish- 
ment should be reduced on account of the 
sex of the party condemned." This meeting 
of the Cabinet is undoubtedly the one re- 
ferred to by Messrs. Seward and Stanton, 
the question discussed and the result being 
the same. The significance and value of the 
reply to Mr. Harlan, as to the thorough- 
ness of the examination which had been 
made, will be realized when I affirm as a 
fact that in no part of the record was there 
the slightest allusion to the question of clem- 
ency to Mrs. Surratt, except in the petition 
signed bij the five members of the court. In tie 
declaration, then, to him that the case had 
been examined by Messrs. Stanton and Speed, 
and that the only question presented was 
that of clemency to Mrs. Surratt on account 
of her sex, there was necessarily involved an 
affirmation that the petition itself had also been 
examined; but from whom could they have 
received it except from President Johnson, in 
whose office it had been seen by Attorney 
General Speed ? This declaration was made 
in Cabinet, and in presence of the President. 
Is it possible to suppose that he did not un- 
derstand its full import? Can it be credited 
for a moment that his two faithful counselors, 
(Messrs. Stanton and Speed,) charged by 
him with the duty of examining and report- 
ing upon the case, would suppress in their re- 
port a petition like this ; one, too, which 
gave rise to the only question they deemed it 
hecessary for him to consider ? 

The discussion in the Cabinet seems to have 
assumed that those present were acquainted 



with the character of the petition, and hence 
its non-production on the occasion was no 
more evidence that it had not been in the 
hands of the President and of Messrs. Sew- 
ard, Stanton, and Speed than was the non- 
production of the record of the trial evidence 
that it had not been seen by the President 
and the members of his Cabinet named. It 
is to be borne in mind that it in no manner 
concerns my defense to show what was said 
or done in the Cabinet touching this petition, 
or, indeed, to show that it was brought to the 
notice of the Cabinet at all. My duty ended 
with delivering it, with the record, to the 
President, and in going further and proving 
it to have been also before the Cabinet in 
council, I have had no object except thus to 
prove more certainly that it was before the 
President himself. 

Fourth. A letter from the Hev. Dv. Butler, 
detailing a conversation had with President 
Johnson the evening of the day on which the 
assassins were executed. / The President, on 
that occasion, appears to have spoken with- 
out reserve of the earnest appeal which had 
been made to him on behalf of Mrs. Surratt, 
because of her sex, and also to have made 
known, in terms as forcible'as figurative, his 
conviction of this woman's guilt, and of her 
prominence and efficiency in weaving the 
fatal web of the conspiracy. 

Fifth. The letters of Messrs. James M. 
Wright and Frank T. Howe, the former being 
at the time and still chief clerk of the Bureau 
of Military Justice. It may be concluded 
with absolute certainty from these letters, 
that the petition or recommendation in favor 
of Mrs, Surratt was attached to the record of 
the trial of the assassins, when it was re- 
ceived at the Bureau from the court; that it 
was so attached when I^took the record from 
the Bureau for the purpose of presenting it to 
the President for his action, and that when 
the record was returned to the Bureau from 
the President's, through the Adjutant Gen- 
eral's office, the petition continued attached 
to it as before. 

Mr. Wright further says: "The page on 
which the signature of the President, to- 
gether with the greater part of his order of 
approval, was written, „was confronted by the 
next page, on which the recommendation to 
clemency appeared; the leaves having been 
fastened together, as is usual, at the ends, 
this brought these two pages directly face to 
face to each other. " — So that in affixing his 
signature in approval of the proceedings and 



6 



EXECUTION OF MRS. SURRATT. 



sentence, the President's eye necessarily fell i sought 
on the petition or recommendation in favor of | by the 
Mrs. Surratt, and this relation of these leaves 
to each other, Mr. Wright declares, "has never 
"been disturbed." 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
J. Holt, Judge Advocate General. 

- // 

Washington, February 11, 1873. 
Hon. John A. Bingham: 

Dear Sir : As you were of counsel for the 
Government, and made the argument for it, 
on the trial of the assassins of the late Presi- 
dent Lincoln, you, of course, are aware that 
• a petition, asking the President, in considera- 
tion of her age . and sex, to commute Mrs. 
Surratt' s death-sentence into confinement in 
the penitentiary for life, was signed by five 
members of the court, and was attached to 
the record of the trial. In the discharge of 
my duty, when presenting that record to 
President Johnson, I drew his attention to 
that recommendation, and he read it in my 
presence, and before approving the proceed- 
ings and sentence. He and I were together 
alone when this duty on his part and on 
mine was performed. Afterwards, as you 
will probably remember, when his friends, 
under well-understood inspirations, sought 
to shield him from the responsibility 
of his action in ordering the execution of Mrs. 
Surratt, it was, through certain newspaper 
■ notices, and in other ways, asserted to the 
public that when I delivered the record ©f 
the trial of the assassins to the President, I 
withheld from him the recommendation on 
behalf of Mrs. Surratt, and that he approved 
the death-sentence without having seen the 
recommendation or known of its existence. 
This allegation was an atrocious calumny 
upon myself, and was wholly and basely 
false. The President and myself having, as 
already stated, been alone at the time, I have 
not been able to obtain any positive proof on 
the point, though I have been able to collect 
circumstantial evidence, enough to satisfy 
any unbiased mind, that the recommenda- 
tion was seen and considered by the Presi- 
dent when he examined and approved the 
proceedings and sentence of the Court. Still, 
in a matter so deeply affecting my reputation 
and official honor, I am naturally desirous of 
having the testimony in my possession 
strengthened as far as practicable, and hence 
it is that I trouble you with this note. 

While I know that the question of 
extendng to Mrs. 



by the petition was considered 
President at the time mentioned, 
I have, in view of its gravity, been al- 
ways satisfied that it must have been con- 
sidered by the Cabinet also, but from the con- 
fidential character of Cabinet deliberations I 
have thus far been denied access to this 
source of information. I write, therefore, 
to request that you will be so good as to state 
whether or not you had a conversation with 
the Hon. W. H. Seward, Secretary of State 
under President Johnson, in reference to the 
l petition for clemency for Mrs. Surratt, and, 
i if so, please state, as nearly as you may be 
| able to do, all that he said on the subject. I 
J ask this in the interest of truth, and as a 
j means of defending myself should this shame- 
I less aspersion upon me ever be revived. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. Holt. 



Washington, February 17, 1873. 

Mv Dear General : In reply to yours 
of the 11th instant, I have the honor to say 
that after the Military Commission had tried 
and sentenced the parties brought before them 
and charged with the assassination of our 
late President, Mr. Lincoln, before the final 
adjournment of the Commission I prepared 
the form of petition to the President, Mr. 
Johnson, in behalf of Mrs. Mary E. Surratt. 

The petition so prepared was in substance, 
and almost litterally, as follows: 

To the President: 

"The undersigned,rnembers of the Military 
Commission appointed to try the persons 
charged with the murder of Abraham Lin- 
coln, &c, respectfully represent that the 
Commission have been constrained to find 
Mary E. Surratt guilty, upon the testimony, 
of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, late 
President of the United States, and to pro- 
nounce upon her, as required by law, the sen- 
tence of death ; but, in consideration of her 
age and sex, the undersigned pray your Ex- 
cellency, if consistent with your sense of 
duty, to commute her sentence to imprison- 
ment in the penitentiary." 

This petition, drawn by me, was copied by 
a member of the Commission, and signed by a 
majority of the Commission, and the copy so 
signed attached to the official record. The 
original of this petition, in my handwriting, 
remained in possession of General James A. 
Ekin, a member of the Commission, and upon 



Surratt the clemency ' it is.indorsed the names of the petitioners. 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



Before the President had acted upon the case 
I deemed it rny duty to call the attention of Sec- 
retary Stanton to the petition for the commuta- 
tion of sentence upon Mrs. Surratt, and did call 
his attention to it before the final action of the 
President. 

After the execution the statement to which 
you refer was made, that President Johnson 
f had not seen the petition for the commutation 
of the death-sentence upon Mrs. Surratt. I 
afterwards called at your office, and, without 
notice to you of my purpose, asked for the 
record in the case of the assassins; it was 
. opened and shown me, and there was then 
attached to it the petition, copied and signed 
as hereinbefore stated. Soon thereafter I 
called upon Secretaries Stanton and Seward, 
and asked if this petition had been presented to 
to the President before the death-sentence was 
by him approved, and was answered by each of 
those gentlemen that the petition was presented 
to the President, and was duly considered by 
him and his advisers before the death-sentence 
upon Mrs. Surratt was approved, and that the 
President and the Cabinet, upon such consider- 
ation, were a unit in denying the prayer of the 
petition; Mr. Stanton and Mr. Seward stating 
that they were present. 

Having been the special Judge Advocate for 
the United States, and as such having made 
the argument on the trial of the assassins, I 
thought it due to myself, and to others as 
well, to know if the petition drawn by me in 
behalf of Mrs. Surratt had been considered 
by the President. Having ascertained the 
fact as stated, / then desired to make the same 
public, and so expressed myself to Mr. Stanton, 
who advised me noLXo do so, but to rely upon 
the final judgment of the people* 

With great respect, very truly yours, 

Jno. A. Bingham. 
General J. Holt, Judge Advocate, U. S. A. 

"Washington, February 18, 1873. 
Hon. John A. Bingham: 

Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your reply to 
my letter of the 11th instant, and for your 
full and detailed answer to my inquiry*I beg 
to return you my sincere thanks. It would 
have been fortunate for me indeed could I 
have had this testimony in my possession 
years ago. Mr. Stanton's advice to you was, 
under all the circumstances of the case, 
most extraordinary. 

****** 

The asking you "to rely upon the final 



judgment of the people," and at the same 
time withholding from them the proof on 
which that judgment — to be just — must be 
formed, was a sad, sad mockery. 

* * * * * * 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. Holt. 

Louisville, March 30, 1873. 

My Dear General : Your note of the 
28th is just to hand. After the finding of 
the Military Commission that tried the assas- 
sins of Mr. Lincoln, and before their execu- 
tion, I saw the record of the case in the 
President's office, and attached to it was a 
paper, signed by some of the members of the 
Commission, recommending that the sentence 
against Mrs. Surratt be commuted to im- 
prisonment for life; and, according to my 
memory, the recommendation was made be- 
cause of her sex. 

I do not feel at liberty to speak of what was 
said at Cabinet meetings. In this I know I 
differ from other gentlemen, but feel con- 
strained to follow my own sense of propriety. 

Most truly, your friend, 

James Speed. 

General Joseph Holt, "Washington. 

"Washington, D. C, May 27, 1873. 

Dear General: Watching by the bedside 
of an invalid member of my family has pre- 
vented an earlier acknowledgment of the 
receipt of your favor of the 21st instant, in- 
closing a letter addressed to you by Hon. 
John A. Bingham, bearing date February 17, 
1873, which you desire me to peruse. 

Referring to Mr. Bingham's narrative, I 
find his statements may be condensed as fol- 
lows, viz: That at the close of the trial of 
Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, for participation in the 
assassination of Mr. Lincoln, resulting in her 



*This counsel was followed, yet with no will- 



ingness, I am sure, on the part of Judge Bing- 
ham that I should suffer wrong, but probably 
because he felt that Mr. Stanton had a right to 
control the disclosure which he had made to 
him. Mr. Stanton's own conduct afterward 
was in strict accord with the strange advice 
given by him, he having lived years thereafter 
without divulging to the country or to myself 
this most conclusive testimony, although he 
must have known how deeply it concerned my 
reputation, as it did the honor of the military 
administration of which he was the head, and 
how completely, if. made public, it would es- 
tablish the truth in my defense. His having 
made the communication to Judge Bingham— 
who had but little interest in it— shows clearly 
that his subsequent silence was not imposed 
by any scruples growing out of the connection 
of the information with Cabinet deliberations. 
The state of fact now mentioned will explain 
why it is that this vindication, which, under 
different circumstances, would have been made 
in 1865, has been so long postponed. J. H. 



EXECUTION OF MRS. SURRATT. 



conviction and sentence to death, he, being 
the special Judge Advocate of said Court, 
drew up a petition, which was signed by its 
members to the number of five, praying the 
President, on account of her age and sex, to 
commute this sentence to imprisonment for 
life, which, being attached to the record of 
the trial, was presented to the President 
through the usual channels, the "War Depart- 
ment; that he personally called the attention 
of the Secretary of War to this petition be- 
fore the case was acted on by the President, 
and afterward, on personal inquiry, was told 
by Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, and Mr. 
Stanton, Secretary of War, that this petition 
was laid before the President, and considered 
by him and his Cabinet, who were a unit 
against the commutation of the sentence 
prayed for. 

You request me to communicate to you my 
recollection on this subject, and particularly 
as to what members of the Cabinet were pres- 
ent at such supposed Cabinet consultation; 
what was done and said, and whether there 
was any dissenting voice to the adverse con- 
clusion arrived at. 

You inform me that you seek this informa- 
tion "simply in the interests of truth and 
justice, and to enable you to refute a calumny 
maliciously circulated soon thereafter, and 
still repeated in hostile circles, to the effect 
that you had withheld from the President 
this petition for clemency on behalf of Mrs. 
Surratt, and that he had approved the pro- 
ceedings and sentence of the court without 
being aware even of its existence." 

Appreciating the pain which a gentleman 
.of refined sensibilities and a high sense of 
honor must suffer under the circumstances 
you describe, (although not believing that 
your reputation has been or can be seriously 
injured thereby,) I do not feel at liberty to 
decline your request, being sustained in my 
conviction of its propriety by the previous 
action of Messrs. Seward and Stanton. I 
therefore state frankly the little I am able to 
call to mind on the subject, viz: After the 
sentence, and before the execution of Mrs. 
Surratt, I remember distinctly the discussion 
of the question of the commutation of the 
sentence of death pronounced on her by the 
Court to imprisonment for life had by mem- 
bers of the Cabinet, in the presence of Presi- 
dent Johnson. I can not state positively 
whether this occurred at a regular or 
called meeting, or whether it was at an 
accidental meeting of several members, each 



calling on the President in relation to the 
business of his own Department. The im- 
pression on my mind is that the only discus- 
sion of the subject by members of the Cabinet 
which I ever heard occurred in the last- 
named mode, there being not more than three 
or four members present — Mr. Seward, Mr. 
Stanton, and myself, and possibly Attorney 
General Speed, and others — but I distinctly re- 
member only the first two. When I entered 
the room one of these was addressing the Presi- 
dent in an earnest conversation on the ques- 
tion whether the sentence ought to be modi- 
fied on account of the sex of the condemned. 
I can recite the precise thought, if not the 
very words, used by this eminent statesman, 
as they were impressed on my mind with 
great force at the time, and I have often 
thought of them since, viz: <e Surely not, Mr. 
President, for if the death-penalty should be 
commuted in so grave a case as the assassin- 
ation of the head of a great nation on ac- 
count of the sex of the criminal, it would 
amount to an invitation to assassins hereafter 
to employ women as their instruments, under 
the belief that if arrested and condemned 
they would be punished less severely than 
men. An act of executive clemency on such 
a plea would be disapproved by the govern- 
ment of every civilized nation on earth." 

No part of the record of the trial, the de- 
cision of the court, or the recommendation 
of clemency was at that time, or ever at any 
time, read in my presence. I am positive on 
this point, for I remember with undoubting 
distinctness inquiring at the time whether 
the Attorney General had examined the 
record of the trial, including the testimony, 
for the purpose of discovering any possible 
mistakes, oversights, or errors of law gov- 
erning the case, observing that the time in- 
tervening between the date of the sentence 
and that fixod for the execution was very 
short, and if such errors should be discovered 
afterwards, it would cause the severest cen- 
sure on account of what would in such case 
be regarded as unpardonable haste, 1 was 
told that the whole case had been carefully 
examined by the Attorney General and the 
Secretary of War, and that the only question 
raised was whether the punishment shall be 
reduced on account of the sex of the party 
condemned. I do not remember that any dif- 
ferences of opinion were expressed on that 
point. The question, however, was never 
submitted when I was present to the Cabinet 
for a formal vote. 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



I am unable to recall the memory of any- 
other facts which I suppose would tend to 
throw light on the subject of your inquiry. 
I am, dear sir, with great respect, 
Your obedient servant, 

Jambs Haelan. 
Hon. J. Holt, 
Judge Advocate General, U. S. A., 
"Washington, D. G. 



St. Paul's Parsonage, 

December 5, 1868. 
Hon. J. Holt: 

■ My Dear Sir: Absence from the city has 
delayed my reply to yours of the 1st instant, 
relative to my interview with President John- 
son when the execution of the conspirators 
and assassins was our topic of conversation. 
The interview occurred during a social call 
upon the family of the President in the even- 
ing, a few hours after the execution. I had 
been summoned by the Government, I then 
being a hospital chaplain, to attend upon 
Atzerodt, and was present at the execution. 
Concerning Mrs. Surrtat, the remarks of the 
President, by reason of their point and force, 
impressed themselves especially upon my 
memory. He said, in substance, that very 
strong appeals had been made for the exercise 
of the Executive clemency; that he had been 
importuned; that "telegrams and threats" 
had been used; but he could not be moved, 
for, in his own significant language, Mrs. 
Surratt "kept the nest that hatched the egg." 
The President further stated that no plea had 
been urged in her behalf, save the fact that 
she was a woman, and his interposition upon 
that ground would license female crime.* 

*Tkis language certainly announces with 
sufficient distinctness President Johnson's 
recognition of the necessity of executing Mrs. 
Surratt, but it does not express the determina- 
tion which had animated him as decidedly 
as did his conduct on the day of the execu- 
tion. On the morning of that day Judge 
Wylie issued a writ of habeas corpus, directed 
to Major General Hancock, who had the cus- 
tody of the assassins condemned to death, the 
object of which was, and the effect of which 
would have been, had it been obeyed, to delay 
the execution of Mrs. Surratt at least until the 
questions of law raised had been decided by 
the civil courts of the District ; yet this writ 
was, by the express order of the President, 
rendered inoperative. He made upon it an in- 
dorsement, addressed to Major General Han- 
cock, in the following words : 
' ' To Major General W. 8. Hancock, command- 
ing, &c: 

"Executive Office, 
"July 7, 1865— 10 o'clock A. M. 
' ' I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United 
States, do hereby declare that the writ of ha- 
beas corpus has been heretofore suspended in 



I do not remember that Mr. Johnson used 
the names of any individuals who had 
sought his interposition in behalf of Mrs. 
Surratt. 

I feel that this statement is due to your- 
self and the honorable members of the Mili- 
tary Commission ordered to investigate this 
unparalleled crime in the history of our na- 
tion; and several of these gentlemen I have 
the honor to know personally and to esteem 
very highly as men of Christian integrity. 

I was induced to allude to this interview 
with President Johnson in a friendly letter to 
my esteemed friend and parishioner; General 
Bkin, whose name, and to the honor of his 
heart, has been associated with a petition 
said to have been presented to the President 
in behalf of Mrs. Surratt. I felt it due to a 
Christian soldier and personal friend to make 
this statement, showing clearly that at the 
time of the execution the President's judg- 
ment wholly accorded with the judgment of 
the Military Commission, and that no appeals 
could then change his purpose to make "trea- 
son odious," and for the same reason I feel 
that this statement is due to yourself 

I am, very truly, your friend, 

J. Geo. Butler, 
Pastor St. Paul's Church. 

War Department, 
Bureau of Military Justice, 
Washington, D. C, January 8, 1868. 
Brevet Major General Joseph Holt, Judge Ad- 
vocate General : 

General : In reply to the inquiry con- 
tained in your note of yesterday, in regard to 
the condition of the record of the trial of the 
assassins of the President, when it came into 
my hands and since, I have to submit the 
following statement, which is made according 
to the best of my knowledge and recollection: 
When the record first came to this Bureau 



such cases as this, and I do hereby especially 
suspend this writ, and direct that you proceed 
to execute the order heretofore given upon the 
judgment of the Military Commission, an> I you 
wili give this order in return to this writ. 

' ' Andrew Johnson, President. ' ' 
And so, under this Presidential mandate, the 
execution proceeded ; and yet those who clam- 
ored against the officers of the Government 
whose duties, regardless of their own personal 
wishes, connected them with the trial of the 
assassins, treated President Johnson with the 
tenderness due to a pet lamb, never for a mo- 
ment intimating that Mrs. Surratt 's death was 
in any way chargeable, or even traceable, to 
him. Still, but for his direct intervention and 
defiant action on the writ, whatever might have 
been the final result, it is perfectly apparent 
that her life would not then have been taken. 

J. H. 



10 



EXECUTION OF MRS. SURRATT. 



from the court or from the War Department, 
it was received by the messenger, as all other 
records are, and I think I directed him to 
your room, or to that of the officer specially 
charged with reviewing records, and in the 
presence of Mr. Howe, and perhaps other 
clerks, (but my memory is not positive 
about others,) I examined the findings 
and sentence, the sheets containing which 
were not fastened together as the volumes of 
the record, but were attached to each other 
by a small yellow ribbon. I am quite posi- 
tive that the recommendation of five mem- 
bers of the court for clemency in the case of 
Mrs. Surratt was written on one of the sheets 
thus attached together, and that this sheet, 
which was legal cap, corresponded in all re- 
spects with the other paper of the record. 
Soon after the trial, on receiving as I under- 
stood a message that the President was ready 
to consider the case, you took the portion of 
the record described as attached together by 
a ribbon, and which contained the findings, 
sentence, and recommendation to mercy, to 
the President yourself in person for his action, 
and on the return of the paper to the Bureau 
from the Adjutant General's Office, which 
took place after the promulgation of the pro- 
ceedings, the approval of the President with 
his order for the execution of the sentence, 
in your handwriting, signed by him, ap- 
peared written on the leaf of the record, as 
above set forth, intervening between the close 
of the last order of the Court and the recom- 
mendation to clemency. The leaves were 
then attached together as when first seen by 
me. The page on which the signature of 
the President, together with the greater part 
of his order of approval, was written, was 
confronted by the next page, on which the 
recommendation to clemency appeared, the 
leaves having been fastened together, as is 
usual, at the ends; this brought these two 
pages directly face to face to each other. 

On the 5th of August, 1867, Mr. Stan- 
ton, then Secretary of War, sent for me, and 
in presence of General Grant, asked me who 
was in charge of the Bureau in your absence. 
I informed him Colonel Winthrop; he re- 
quested I should send him over to him, 
which I did. The Colonel returned and asked 
me for the findings and sentence of the con- 
spiracy trial, telling me he had to take it in 
person to the President. ' On taking the por- 
tion of the record referred to from the bundle, 
I found from the frequent handling of it sev- 
eral of the last leaves had torn loose from the 



ribbon fastening.and to secure them I put the 
eyelet in one corner of it. It has within a 
short time been returned to the Bureau by 
the President, and, fearing the leaves would 
become detached, I have again fastened them 
with three patent fastenings— the leaves be- 
ing thus held and secured in the same posi- 
tion and relation to each other which they 
occupied when the record was originally re- 
ceived by the Bureau, and which relation 
has never been disturbed. The foregoiDg is 
distinctly fastened upon my memory, and 
not to be forgotten. Hoping the same may 
meet the point of your inquiry, I have the 
honor to be, 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
James M. Weight, 

Chief Clerk to Bureau of Military Justice. 

War Department, 
Bukeatj of Military Justice. 
Washington, D. C, January 15, 1868. 
Brevet Major General Joseph Holt, Judge Advo- 
cate General United States Army: 
General: In reply to your note of this 
date, I have the honor to state that I have 
carefully read the letter addressed to your- 
self, on the 8th instant, by Mr. James M. 
Wright, chief clerk of this Bureau, and that 
my recollection of the condition of that part 
of the record of the trial of the assassins of, 
the late President containing the findings, J 
sentences, and recommendation to mercy in 
the case of Mrs. Surratt, coincides entirely 
with the statements set forth in said letter. 

Mr. Wright and myself saw the document, 
as he has stated, and the recommendation of 
Mrs. Surratt to Executive clemency by cer- 
tain members of the Court was attached in 
the manner described by him. I subsequently 
saw it immediately after the publication of 
the President's action, and the arrangement 
of the leaves was the same as at first. 

With regard to the transactions of the 5th 
of August, as set forth in the letter above re- 
ferred to, I have no knowledge, but can posi- 
tively state concerning the subsequent fasten- 
ing of the leaves, which was on December 10 
last, and know that their position was then, 
and still is, the same as when the paper was 
first received in the office. I am, General, 
very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
Frank T. Howe. 

Washington, July, 1873. 
General E. D. Mussey : 

Dear Sir: You are doubtless aware that 
soon after the execution of the assassins of 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



11 



the late President, it was, by certain persons 
sympathizing with them, and seeking to re- 
lieve President Johnson of his proper respon- 
sibility for his action in the matter, reported 
in Washington and through the disloyal 
journals of the country that the petition, 
signed by five members of the Court, asking 
the President, in consideration of her age 
and sex, to commute Mary E. Surratt's death- 
sentence, had never been received by him, 
but had been withheld by me, when laying 
before him the record of trial, to which it was 
attached. This accusation being wholly 
false, I venture to ask of you such informa- 
tion as you may possess, tending to illustrate 
the issue of fact thus raised under circum- 
stances so unjust to myself. 

As showing how prolific is the spirit of de- 
traction, it was also reported that I had pre- 
vented Miss Surratt from seeing the President 
the morning of the day on which her mother 
was executed, and in the wildness and silli- 
ness of popular credulity this ridiculous story 
is said to have received considerable credit at 
the time. Please state what you know as to 
the circumstances under which Miss Surratt 
was denied the interview with the President 
she is alleged to have sought on the occasion 
referred to. On the night before, she, 
with two friends, as now recollected, called 
at my house, bringing with them certain pa- 
pers, appealing for clemency or a respite for 
her mother. I listened patiently to all they 
had to say, received the papers from their 
hands, and promised to deliver them to the 
President the folio wing morning, which proin- 
ise was faithfully kept. As I ascended the 
stairs of the Executive Mansion, on my way 
to the President's office with the papers, I 
saw Miss Surratt in the hall below, but 
nothing was either said or done by me 
seeking or tending to influence the ques- 
tion whether she should be received by 
the President or not. It was a matter with 
which I had no more to do than had any 
other citizen of the country. The decision of 
the question belonged to the President, with 
his constitutional advisers and doorkeepers 
— and certainly I was neither of these. It 
would have been sheer impertinence in me 
to have obtruded a suggestion on the subject. 
You were on duty at the Executive Mansion 
at the time, and enjoying, as you did, inti- 
mate personal and official relations with 
President Johnson, you probably had oppor- 
tunities of knowing, either from your own 
observations or from conversations with the 



President, whether the petition referred to 
was seen and considered by him before the 
sentence was carried into execution. 

I shall be much obliged for the statement 
of any information bearing on the subject 
which your recollection may enable you to 
make, and for any declarations made by the 
President as to the appeal to him in behalf 
of Mrs. Surratt on the ground of her sex. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. Holt. 

Washington, D. C, August 19, 1873. 
Hon. Joseph Holt, Judge Advocate General, 
United States Army, present: 

Dear Sir: Most cheerfully do I state my 
knowledge of the facts attending the convic- 
tion of Mrs. Surratt for participation in the 
assassination conspiracy ; the refusal of Mr. 
A. Johnson, then Acting President, to par- 
don her, and the order for her execution." 

* * * In the spring of 1865, being then 
an officer in the army, I was in Washington 
on business concerning the freedmen in 
Tennessee. My effort was making through 
Mr. Johnson, then Vice President. While 
waiting, Mr. Lincoln was assassinated. Half 
an hour after Mr. Johnson left the bed where 
Mr. Lincoln was. dying, I saw him (Mr. 
Johnson) in his room and had a conversation 
with him of considerable length, much free- 
dom, and great solemnity concerning 
the marvelous opportunity thus made for 
him and the Providential meaning of the 
event. Mr. Johnson had only a clay or two 
before expressed to me his fear that Mr. Lin- 
coln's kind nature was leading him to make 
such terms with the rebels as public justice 
and national security did not warrant. Mr. 
Johnson entered upon the discharge of his 
Presidential duties, as I then believed, and 
still believe, with an earnest desire to correct 
what he deemed Mr. Lincoln's error in this 
regard. 

In a few days after the assassination I was 
detailed for duty with Mr. Johnson, and 
acted as one of his secretaries, and was an 
inmate of his household, until sometime in the 
fall of 1865. 

About the time the Military Court that tried 
Mrs. Surratt concluded its labors, I was, if I 
remember aright, for some days the only 
persons acting as private secretary at the 
White House, my associate being absent on a 
visit. * * * 

On the Wednesday previous to the execu- 
tion, (which was Friday, July 7, 1865,) as I 
was sitting at my desk in the morning, Mr. 



12 



EXECUTION OF MRS. SURRATT. 



Johnson said to me that he was going to look 
over the findings of the Court with Judge 
Holt, and should be busy, and could see no 
one. I replied : "Very well, sir, I will see 
that you are not interrupted," or something 
to that effect, and continued my work. I 
think it was two or three hours after this 
that Mr. Johnson came out of the room where 
he had been with you, and said to me that the 
papers had been looked over and a decision 
reached. I asked what it was. He told me, 
approval of the findings and sentences of the 
Court; and he then gave me the sentences, as 
near as he remembered them, and said that 
he had ordered the sentence, where it was 
death, to be carried into execution on the 
Friday following. I remember looking up 
from my desk with some surprise at the brev- 
ity of this interval, and asking him whether 
the time wasn't rather short He admitted 
that it was, but said they had had ever 
since the trial began for "preparation ;" and 
either then or later in the day spoke of his 
design in making the time short, so that there 
might be less opportunity for criticism, re- 
monstrances, &c. I do not pretend to use his 
precise language as to this, but the purport 
of it was, that it was a disagreeable duty, 
and there would be endeavors to get him not 
to perform it, and he wished to avoid them 
as much as possible. 

He also instructed me that he didn't desire 
to see any one who came on such errands, 
and to direct all who did, if they had any 
fresh evidence or any new reason why the 
sentence should not be executed, to send them 
to you that you might hear their story and 
communicate it to him. 

I am very confident, though not absolutely as- 
sured, that it ivas at this interview Mr. Johnson 
told me that the Court had recommended Mrs. 
Surratt to mercy on the ground of her sex, (and 
age I believe) . But I am certain he did so in- 
form me about that time; and that he said he 
thought the grounds urged insufficient, and that 
he had refused to interfere; that if she xoas 
guilty at all, her sex did not make her any the 
less guilty; that he, about the time of' her execu- 
tion , justified it; that he told me that there had 
not been "women enough hanged in this war;" 
that he descanted upon the illogicalness of a 
woman's committing treason and then seek- 
ing to avoid its penalty because she was a 
woman, I am as sure as I am that I am now 
penning this sentence to you. 

On Thursday there were many visitors, and 
many letters, telegrams, <&c. I informed all 



who called what Mr. Johnson's orders were 
to me. These orders I regarded as peremp- 
torily forbidding me to make any appeal to 
him in any one's behalf. Father Walter (or 
Father Wiget, I am not certain which) 
called, as did the Misses Herold, and, I be- 
lieve, Miss Surratt. The reverend Father, I 
think, called twice, once to intercede for Mrs. 
Surratt. * * Mr. Johnson was made aware 
of his presence, but declined to see him, and 
bade me refer him, if he had anything to 
urge, to Judge Holt, and he reiterated his as- 
sertion, "lean see no one on this business. 
Let them see Judge Holt, and, if there is any- 
thing new, tell him." * * * 

I desire to say further that on the morning 
of Friday you called at the Executive Man- 
sion and saw the President. * ■ * I recall 
also your speaking to me about Miss Surratt, 
then in the house, and I shall never lose the 
impression then made upon me of your deep 
pity for her, and of the pain which her dis- 
tress caused you. 

Further, I would say that as soon as an 
evening paper was procured, upon that Fri- 
day, I read from it to Mr. Johnson the ac- 
count of the "Scenes at the White House," 
"the execution," &c; and that neither then, 
nor at any subsequent time during my asso- 
ciation with him, did Mr. Johnson ever ex-'* 
press to me in any way, any, even the slight- 
est, disapprobation of my conduct iu relation 
to the admission of Miss Surratt; nor did he 
then, or subsequently during that association, 
ever intimate that his first knowledge of Miss 
Surratt's presence at the~Executive Mansion 
on that day was my reading it from the pa- 
per to him that evening. I have no more 
doubt that he knew of her being there before 
the execution than I have that he was born 
in North Carolina and lives in East Ten- 
nessee. 

If any one is to blame for the exclusion of 
Miss Surratt from an interview with Andrew 
Johnson, to intercede for her mother, it is 
Andrew Johnson himself. You certainly 
are not — could not be— for you had nothing 
whatever to do with the question of admit- 
ting or excluding people from Mr. Johnson. 

I have noticed with deep pain, and still 
deeper shame, the attempt made some time 
since by certain men and certain journals to 
lay upon you the blame of Mrs. Surratt's ex- 
ecution. These men and journals assert, in 
substance, that you, knowing of the recom- 
mendation made by the Court for Mrs. Sur-. 
ratt's pardon, concealed it from Andrew 



VINDICATION OF HON. JOSEPH HOLT. 



13 



Johnson, and that in some way you pre- 
vented her daughter from seeing him and in- 
terceding for her. 

The latter you could not have done. * * 
* The other story, that you concealed from 
Mr. Johnson the knowledge that the Court 
had recommended her pardon, is also un- 
true. ***** 

For I now assert, what I have already said, 
that Mr. Johnson told me of that recom- 
mendation ; and further, that no one of the 
Court ever mentioned it to me ; and further, 
that I never saw the findings of the Court, 
and that no one in the War Department ever 
spoke to me about that recommendation. 
And yet General Boynton and Mr. L. L. 
Crounse, two journalists here, well known to 
the reading public all over the country, will 
tell you if you ask them, that it was owing 
to words dropped by me one evening on 
"Newspaper How" that they first learned 
of the existence of such a paper. * * * I 
said I had seen this attempt to stigmatize 
you, for an act of which Andrew Johnson 
was then proud, and which he has since 
wished to repudiate, with deep pain and still 
deeper shame. I am pained because it is 
unjust and untrue, and because it seeks to 
acquit him by charging a fearful crime — of 
violated trust and of inhumanity — to you. I 
am ashamed because there has joined in the 
attempt a man Who was once President (or 
acting President. * * * 

Shonld you desire at any time to make 
any public use of the whole or any portion 
of this letter, you have my most cordial per- 
mission to do so. 

Yours, very truly, 

E. D. Mussbt. 



Washington, August 22, 1873. 
General Joseph Holt, Judge Advocate Gen- 
eral: 

General : I have read the letters referred 
to in your communication of August 14th. 
There has never been in my mind any 
doubt as to your honorable action in the mat- 
ter, and the testimony they contain is, in my 
judgment, conclusive. They certainly form 
your complete vindication. 
Very truly yours, 

¥m. W. Belknap, 
Secretary of War. 



The following is an exact copy of the pe- 
tition or recommendation so often referred to 
above: 

The undersigned, members of the Military 
Commission detailed to try Mary E. Surratt 
and others for the conspiracy and the murder 
of Abraham Lincoln, late President of the 
United States, &c, respectfully pray the 
President, in consideration of the sex and age 
of the said Mary E. Surratt, if he can, upon 
all the facts in the case, find it consistent with 
his sense of duty to the country, to commute 
the sentence of death, which the Court have 
been constrained to pronounce, to imprison- 
ment in the penitentiary for life. 

Respectfully submitted, 
D. Hunter, 
Major General, President. 
August V. Kautz, 
Brigadier and Brevet Major General. 

R. S. Foster, 
Brigadier and Brevet Major General. 
James A. Ekin, 
Brevet Brigadier General, Quartermaster Gen- 
eral's Office. 

Chas. H. Tompkins, 
Brevet Colonel and Assistant Quartermaster. 




•lit ll'll 1 




INDICATION 



OF 



HON. JOSEPH HOLT, 



JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL 



OF 



\t flfttiteir Mates %tm^ t 




WASHINGTON : 

CHRONICLE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 511 NINTH STREET. 
1873. 




P^ccc <gud <oic 

CC _<CC 

:CCC<_ 
C^EELCC CDXl 

cc«kccc 





>CC<CC 


CCcu< 


C;mc>- 


CCCO 


ccc 


CtCci 


c^ cc 



cc.tcc: 



GCaCGC 



sec 


<£pcC ccc 


.cc: 


dd cc^OC 


JCC 


; «2kcc; ccc: 


-CC 


, <agccc c c 


_o: 


-_*rs:zx cc 



ccc 



SCC/cc i 
^cc <cc 
-c&ccr <cc < 

ccccc ^cc 
~cc<ra:/ 
pc ccc 
jfccc <oc ■ 
ccs<x <cc 
c '- <kxx: <c«c 

_ c<KCc: c<OQC< 

c ~ : 

.■■■ c cc: 

" cc^ctor c: 
c ~ 
_T. cc <c <c 

O ' cc ■ <c <cr 
cc c <cr 

CC CC' <XCC 

cc 

c " cc: c 

f" CC Cg r, 

ccc <c:c 
: cc c 

Z"' :<X.Cc: 

: cc <cc 

c: cc <cc 

17: cr<ct 

o^<«cccr 

gC cc <C"'C ' 






.<CCcc 

^ccccc 

c c 



C CC 

:cc <C- .< 
CC C>. 
cc C 



_: CC C~ c CC 

jcl cc cc cc: 

c: cc c - 

ccc^ 



I<occsc<^c 
ifecc: «& 
: 3^jcc c 7 2P^5= 

^C<£C CC<ggfcC 

tcc 

mc: :C 
«C c 

C<C . < 



^CC€2l!C 

oc cue 

fix 



CC 

cc 

CC 

: cc 

:cd< 

~cc;<lct 

_cc<ccc 
qccx 



CC c 

CC C<X 

SEC 

CC c 

ccc 

CC C 

ccc 

CC cCC 

^^X«i 

* « c <3c«C: 

;cr ccc ^^ 



<c ^^ C 



ICC 

ex <3Cccc«c: 

3kc <^r<r<cc: 

c!dcccr<c: 

_cc ^<occ: 

c ccjcc «r 

^CC. CC3tCT<C 

c ccr ccfrT^T' 
cccc 



' C CC cCcc <£1 

C??',C ^r*T " arztiTTr *zr 



L-CC- 

^ccctccj 

.lcccii^csc 
U?CCI«<Ci. 

^CCCZI«3C 
CC <C^Ci<I^c CC"^<C"*C 

""nr: ■ cicc^rcic 9 

" <CCT:C CCC <C - «C<C<cr :J 
^_< <UCC7«- *. C3CC. g 

: ccc <c c ^cs:<c ^ 



^cCI^ ' 
3C. ^C 

ccc cc 
ice cc 



ccc «gr cc ^c 



cat 






^ ^R«C 
t ecr <3czl 



*^m_- *£«ljl «r<«I^ r^ *^ 
S*S^ S&SS, UlCr <^CT« 

«K2 ^sgk, ^^: :^Ci:^ 



C CC 

d CC 
^Z ex 

ci cc 






<oe<^ 



cc<e 



c cktceC c^l*^:xo*CZS 



cc 

: cc 

cc t 



or < 

cc 
jcc • 
<ce 



«gr^ c <§c <E:< 



<r<(t.(C' ' cc 
in <l<.cz:. ■ CC 



; e ;;« c: 



: C CCZ 

^m;cci c«CL 

m-4c< ccr 

I c cc 

" #1 

e<GC<c 



CCCc 

<t 






cc 
r c c 

:cc 

KMZC 

c3K<: 









- if cc 
v ^ ere 

« *c 

■<i. cc 
■• c < 
c e < . 

or ' 



CC C^jC 

rz cud 



cc<c 

7<le~ 



: cc; 
cc 

.crcrc 



r>:dO 



C?<fC 



c<rr< 
:ccc: < 

CCC v 

<ccc: ;. 
csicc: 

CIXC cc C 
c cc cc ^ 

U cc.ee 

^€C 
^ CCT 

_ Ccc 



<s:cl:ci 



^cr^^t 



b^_cc 



c cc ^ccccrcc 
^ «c cc^: ccca 

^c o^ CC^ X^ CjCcc 



CC(J( 



^c^^^\ f fiOLyS 



C^cccrcf 



3CICCC 



^^ S 
fe^ 



_c^ 



€Z.C 



<c 
<C^C 



CTC 



.cr^ccr<c 

« fe c 






C 

c 



QCC C 






CCC- 

<^c: 

C<20C 

mm: 

c < cc 



... cc 



crc 



^ <ccc 

(IMC CTSrVr- 






^C ci<c 



HHfe 



■ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0DD232fc.h07E3 



